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101.
侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律,是当今土壤侵蚀研究的前沿,它涉及的研究范围广泛,小到土壤颗粒,大到全球气候变化与碳循环过程。特别是不同尺度流域之间侵蚀产沙和输移,究竟有什么样的内在联系,小流域所获得的研究成果是否能推广应用到大中流域,已成为迫切需要解决的重要科学问题。有关流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究,国际上刚刚开始,国内有关流域尺度研究主要涉及于水文学领域的一些尺度研究,关于流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究不多。作者对国外当前土壤侵蚀模型的最新进展进行了综述,并对侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律进行了分析。由于具有GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析能力,它将在流域侵蚀产沙尺度变异这一侵蚀产沙的问题研究中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
102.
Jürgen Weber Jupp Kreutzmann Anita Plantikow Evelyn Claus Werner Manz Peter Heininger 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2006,6(2):84-91
Goal, Scope and Background Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to
sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces
as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to
assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed
particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment
of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach
to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic
contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the
toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked
with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants.
Methods Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle
attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples
and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT,
and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on
yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution
were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and
luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination
with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants.
Results and Discussion In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting
fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation
performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments
caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly
to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in
the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae,
daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was
measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample
only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays,
due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure.
Conclusion The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments.
Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments.
Outlook The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle
contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants
in whole sediments. 相似文献
103.
Harald Köthe 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2006,6(2):75-83
Background Under anoxic conditions typically prevailing in disposal sites for dredged sediment, methanogenesis is the terminal step
during microbial degradation of sediment organic matter. Sediment gas production may pose several problems to site management
and post-closure utilisation. Depending on the magnitude of gas/methane formation and the intended utilisation of the site,
countermeasures will have to be effected during and after deposition of the dredged material. For this purpose it may be of
interest to pre-estimate the extent of gas formation from simple sediment variables. Therefore, the aim of the investigations
presented here was to analyse the interrelations between gas formation and sediment physical, chemical and biological qualities.
Methods Freshly sampled riverbed sediment from nine German federal waterways was analysed for standard solid physical and chemical
parameters, pore water composition, cell counts of methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria, and gas formation over a period
of 500 days. Particle size and density fractionation were carried out in order to characterise organic matter quality. Correlations
between methane formation and sediment chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics were tested using linear and
multiple correlation analysis.
Results and Discussion The selected sediments, including two with marine influence, differed strongly regarding texture, chemical parameters, pore
water composition, and methanogen cell counts. The course of methane formation was found to follow distinct phases. The commencement
of methane formation was preceded by a lag phase of variable duration. The lag phase was followed by a strong increase of
the methane formation rate up to a sediment-characteristic maximum of 5–30 nmol CH4 h–1 g dw–1. Eventually, the rate of methane
formation decreased and reached a more stable, long-term level. The extent and amplitude of each phase varied strongly between
sediments and could be correlated well with only a few standard analytical parameters, despite the strong heterogeneity of
sediment with respect to chemical, physical, and biological characteristics. Lag phase duration depended strongly on the content
of inorganic electron acceptors and also on the number of methanogens present at the beginning of the experiment. Maximum
and steady state methanogenesis were mainly determined by sediment total nitrogen. As analysis of sediment density fractions
revealed that total nitrogen reflected the share of readily degradable macroorganic matter.
Conclusion and Outlook The results imply that the observed methane formation is a function of the temporally changing balance of the availability
of electron acceptors and H2, and the share of easily degradable organic matter. For fresh riverbed sediments, the latter
may be deduced from total nitrogen content. Overall, the results showed that methane formation by freshly dredged material
may well be pre-estimated from standard analytical data within the first few years of deposition. However, the differently
degradable organic matter pools will change over time with respect to size, chemical nature and association with the sediment
mineral phase. It can thus be expected that the correlations found in this study will not be readily transferable to older
materials. Further studies on the gas formation and organic matter quality by older sediments, e.g. from older dredged material
disposal sites of known age, should be conducted and results should be combined with existing organic matter degradation models
in order to improve the prediction of sediment gas formation over time. 相似文献
104.
Coastal habitats near urban centres in North Atlantic estuaries often support substantial numbers of wintering waterfowl, but little is known of the effects of landscape setting and urbanisation on habitat use. We conducted surveys of waterfowl at 32 wintering sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to identify characteristics that may influence habitat use. Sites were chosen along a gradient of urbanisation and reflected the dominant habitat types used by waterfowl in the Bay. Mean waterfowl abundance was 206.7 ± 209.5 birds per site, and sites in the inner part of the estuary had higher overall waterfowl abundances (r2 = 0.40, p = 0.021). Species richness ranged from 3.2 to 13.0 and decreased with increasing hunting activity (r2 = 0.36, p = 0.040). Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13-27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1-26%. The landscape characteristics extent of adjacent residential development and vegetated upland were the most common variables entering into the models; most species were more abundant at sites with more adjacent vegetated upland and less adjacent residential development. Our results suggest that landscape setting may be influencing the distribution of wintering waterfowl, and should be considered when developing strategies for the conservation for these species in urban North Atlantic estuaries. 相似文献
105.
Factors controlling suspended sediment yield during runoff events in small headwater catchments of the Basque Country 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For the first time in the Basque Country, turbidity (NTU), discharge (l/s) and precipitation (mm) have been continuously monitored in the gauging stations located at the outlet of three catchments (Aixola, Barrendiola and Añarbe) since October 2003. In this study, several data sets derived from flood events were used to develop turbidity and suspended sediment relationships for the three catchments separately, and so to estimate continuous suspended sediment concentration (SSC). Linear relationships are found in Barrendiola and Añarbe, and two curvilinear relationships for Aixola owing to changing sediment sources in the catchment. Several event (discharge, precipitation and suspended sediment concentration) and pre-event (discharge and precipitation) factors are calculated for all the events registered. With them correlation matrixes were developed for each catchment. Although some differences are found between catchments good correlation between precipitation (P), discharge (Q) and suspended sediment (SS) variables is found in general. Pre-event conditions are also well correlated with Q and SS variables in Barrendiola (higher regulation capacity) and Añarbe (larger area) but not in Aixola (“flash floods”). SSC-discharge evolutions through the events were also analysed. For Aixola four different types of hysteretic loops were observed: single lined, clockwise, counter-clockwise and eight-shaped; while for Barrendiola and Añarbe just clockwise loops were observed. 相似文献
106.
[目的]探究堆渣边坡生态棒防护措施的综合防护效果,为露天采石场裸露边坡的生态修复提供依据。[方法]利用人工降雨模拟试验,收集不同降雨强度下地表层和矿渣层的产流量、产沙量,并建立综合贡献度模型。[结果]随着坡度的增加地表层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递增趋势,而矿渣层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递减趋势,与径流总量相比泥沙总量变化趋势不明显;对照组与生态棒防护措施下,地表层的产流—产沙相关性均高于矿渣层;当降雨强度为30和120mm/h时,生态棒防护边坡在坡度为15°时具有较佳的防护效果,当降雨强度为60mm/h时,径流量和泥沙量受坡度变化的影响不显著。[结论]生态棒防护措施具有拦蓄坡面径流和泥沙的功能,与对照组相比可以更有效地防治坡面水土流失。 相似文献
107.
108.
清涧河流域水土流失严重。年侵蚀模数在10000t/km2以上。自50年代初开展水土保持工作,截至1989年底止,共治理水土流失面积2204.07km2,治理程度达50.67%,流域输水输沙明显减少。分析表明:清涧河水沙减少受降雨和流域治理的共同影响,与1969年以前相比,70年代年均减沙15.4%,80年代年均减沙71.3%。在减沙量中,降雨偏枯影响70年代占14.6%~28.2%,80年代占36.9%~41.8%;流域治理减沙量70年代占71.8%~85.5%,80年代占58.2%~63.1%。同时,流域治理减水量也由70年代的18.2%~33.9%增加到80年代的42.9%~47.7%。 相似文献
109.
110.
从无定河流域“94·8·4”暴雨洪水看林草措施的减蚀作用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
典型调查表明,在无定河流域绥德县80年—遇日降雨量120多mm条件下,林草措施具有显著的减蚀作用:农坡地一次降雨侵蚀模数达36660t/km~2,而一般草地侵蚀模数为5000~12000t/km~2,草地减少侵蚀70%~90%;坡度35°、被覆度70%的林地,加上工程整地措施,侵蚀模数为2000~5000t/km~2,减少侵蚀85%~95%;在相同自然条件下,林地减水效益为27.5%,减沙效益为47.7%,在有整地措施条件下,林地径流量较自然荒坡减少42.2%~77.1%. 相似文献